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Review Article
Open Access
Droplet Physics and Intracellular Phase Separation
- Frank Jülicher1,2, and Christoph A. Weber3
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View Affiliations Hide AffiliationsAffiliations: 1Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany; email: [email protected] 2Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany 3Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Materials Engineering, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; email: [email protected]
- Vol. 15:237-261 (Volume publication date March 2024) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032917
- First published as a Review in Advance on December 07, 2023
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Copyright © 2024 by the author(s).This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information
Abstract
Living cells are spatially organized by compartments that can nucleate, grow, and dissolve. Compartmentalization can emerge by phase separation, leading to the formation of droplets in the cell's nucleo- or cytoplasm, also called biomolecular condensates. Such droplets can organize the biochemistry of the cell by providing specific chemical environments in space and time. These compartments provide transient environments, suggesting the relevance of nonequilibrium physics of droplets as a key to unraveling the underlying physicochemical principles of biological functions in living cells. In this review, we highlight coarse-grained approaches that capture the physics of chemically active emulsions as a model for condensates orchestrating chemical processes. We also discuss the dynamics of single molecules in condensates and the material properties of biological condensates and their relevance for the cell. Finally, we propose wetting, prewetting, and surface phase transitions as a possibility for intracellular surfaces to control biological condensates, spatially organize membranes, and exert mechanical forces.
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