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- Volume 52, 2022
Annual Review of Materials Research - Volume 52, 2022
Volume 52, 2022
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An Overview for the Design of Antimicrobial Polymers: From Standard Antibiotic-Release Systems to Topographical and Smart Materials
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 1–24More LessMicroorganisms attach on all kinds of surfaces, spreading pathogens that affect human health and alter the properties of products and of the surface itself. These issues motivated the design of a broad set of antimicrobial polymers that have great versatility to be chemically modified, processed, and mixed with other compounds. This review presents an overview of these different strategies, including antimicrobial-release systems and inherently antimicrobial polymers, alongside novel approaches such as smart materials and topographical effects. These polymers can be used in any application affected by microbes, from biomaterials and coatings to food packaging.
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Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy for Materials Research
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 25–55More LessSolid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has increasingly been used for materials characterization as it enables selective detection of elements of interest, as well as their local structure and dynamic properties. Nevertheless, utilization of NMR is limited by its inherent low sensitivity. The development of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) approaches, which provide enormous sensitivity gain in NMR through the transfer of polarization from electron spins, has transformed the application of solid-state NMR in materials science. In this review, we outline the opportunities for materials characterization that DNP has opened up. We describe the main DNP mechanisms available, their implementation, and the kinds of insight they can provide across different materials classes, from surfaces and interfaces to defects in the bulk of solids. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of the approach and provide an outlook on future developments for DNP-enhanced NMR spectroscopy in materials science.
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Crystalline Cholesterol: The Material and Its Assembly Lines
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 57–78More LessCholesterol is an essential component of animal cell membranes because it influences and controls cell membrane fluidity. Cholesterol is also responsible for the most frequent lethal pathologies in developed countries because of its intimate association with atherosclerotic plaques, the rupture of which may cause heart attacks or strokes. The question is under which conditions cholesterol activity manifests itself, whether in physiology or in pathology. The answer is complex, and there is probably not one certain answer. This review article has its foundations in abundant published knowledge and evidence, but it cannot possibly be comprehensive, because the extent of cholesterol's involvement in chemistry, biology, biophysics, and medicine is so vast that we cannot embrace it all. We review cholesterol as a molecule and in its various crystalline polymorphs. We then examine cholesterol assembly pathways and, finally, cholesterol in biology and in pathology. We propose that cholesterol activity depends on its assembly states in cholesterol crystals or with other lipids in the form of more-or-less organized crystalline domains. In other words, we analyze cholesterol material properties because the assembly state of the cholesterol molecules profoundly affects the properties of the environment in which they reside.
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Molecular Magnetism
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 79–101More LessMolecular magnetism, though distinctly a field within chemistry, encompasses much more than synthesis and has strong links with other disciplines across the physical sciences. Research goals in this area are currently dominated by magnetic memory and quantum information processing but extend in other directions toward medical diagnostics and catalysis. This review focuses on two popular subtopics, single-molecule magnetism and molecular spin qubits, outlining their design and study and some of the latest outstanding results in the field. The above topics are complemented by an overview of pertinent electronic structure methods and, in a look towards the future, an overview of the state of the art in measurement and modeling of molecular spin–phonon coupling.
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Teaching Metal-Organic Frameworks to Conduct: Ion and Electron Transport in Metal-Organic Frameworks
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 103–128More LessMetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an expansive class of extended solids formed by coordination bonding between metal ions/clusters and organic ligands. Although MOFs are best known for their intrinsic porosity, they are now also emerging as an unusual set of porous, electrical, and ionic conductors that could address a number of applications in energy storage and generation. In this review, we focus on intrinsic ionic conductivity in MOFs and outline approaches for achieving high ionic conductivities. First, we highlight the use of noncoordinating acidic groups to integrate anions into MOF organic linkers. Next, we discuss the use of open metal sites to anchor anions and generate mobile ions. Then, we discuss the use of postsynthetic modifications to graft anions onto ligands and defect sites. Finally, we outline several unexplored approaches to improving ionic conductivity in MOFs and highlight several potential new applications.
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Design and Characterization of Host Frameworks for Facile Magnesium Transport
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 129–158More LessThe development of inexpensive batteries based on magnesium (Mg) chemistry will contribute remarkably toward developing high-energy-density storage systems that can be used worldwide. Significant challenges remain in developing practical Mg batteries, the chief of which is designing materials that can provide facile transport of Mg. In this review, we cover the experimental and theoretical methods that can be used to quantify Mg mobility in a variety of host frameworks, the specific transport quantities that each technique is designed to measure or calculate, and some practical examples of their applications. We then list the unique challenges faced by different experimental and computational techniques in probing Mg ion transport in materials. This review concludes with an outlook on the directions that the scientific community could soon pursue as we strive to construct a pragmatic Mg battery.
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Strain Glass State, Strain Glass Transition, and Controlled Strain Release
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 159–187More LessStrain glass is a new strain state discovered recently in ferroelastic systems that is characterized by nanoscale martensitic domains formed through a freezing transition. These nanodomains typically have mottled or tweed morphology depending on the elastic anisotropy of the system. Strain glass transition is a broadly smeared and high order–like transition, taking place within a wide temperature or stress range. It is accompanied by many unique properties, including linear superelasticity with high strength, low modulus, Invar and Elinvar anomalies, and large magnetostriction. In this review, we first discuss experimental characterization and testing that have led to the discovery of the strain glass transition and its unique properties. We then introduce theoretical models and computer simulations that have shed light on the origin and mechanisms underlying the unique characteristics and properties of strain glass transitions. Unresolved issues and challenges in strain glass study are also addressed. Strain glass transition can offer giant elastic strain and ultralow elastic modulus by well-controlled reversible structural phase transformations through defect engineering.
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Angstrofluidics: Walking to the Limit
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 189–218More LessAngstrom-scale fluidic channels are ubiquitous in nature and play an important role in regulating cellular traffic, signaling, and responding to stimuli. Synthetic angstrom channels are now a reality with the emergence of several cutting-edge bottom-up and top-down fabrication methods. In particular, the use of atomically thin 2D materials and nanotubes as components to build fluidic conduits has pushed the limits of fabrication to the angstrom scale. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the fabrication methods for nano- and angstrofluidic channels while categorizing them on the basis of dimensionality (0D pores, 1D tubes, 2D slits), along with the latest advances in measurement techniques. We discuss the ion transport governed by various stimuli in these channels and the variation of ionic mobility, streaming power, and osmotic power with pore size across all the dimensionalities. Finally, we highlight unique future opportunities in the development of smart ionic devices.
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Exothermic Formation Reactions as Local Heat Sources
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 219–248More LessThis review focuses on the properties of reactive materials (RMs) that enable exothermic formation reactions and their application as local heat sources. We examine how the heat produced by these formation reactions can enable a range of useful functions including bonding, sealing, ignition, signaling, and built-in degradation. We begin by describing the chemistries, geometries, microstructures, and fabrication of RMs. We then explore the magnitude and measurement of their stored chemical energies and the rates and mechanisms by which the stored energy can be released to generate useful heat. The majority of the review focuses on how the released heat can be modeled and used to perform a range of functions.
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Innovations Toward the Valorization of Plastics Waste
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 249–280More LessPlastics are an extremely important class of materials that are prevalent in all facets of society; however, their widespread use over time, combined with limited end-of-life strategies, has led to increasing levels of waste accumulation. Although currently considered a burden, plastics waste is potentially an untapped feedstock for numerous chemical and manufacturing processes. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of approaches for valorization of plastics waste from a materials research perspective, including previous efforts to utilize plastics waste and recent innovations that have opportunities to add significant value. Although additional progress is necessary, we present several diverse capabilities and strategies for valorization that, when brought together, address end-of-life challenges for plastics at every stage of design and product consumption. In short, a materials research–based framework offers a unique perspective to address the urgent issues posed by plastics, unlocking the potential of polymers and plastics waste.
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Mechanical Properties of Metal Nanolaminates
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 281–304More LessThis article reviews recent basic research on two categories of metal-based nanolaminates: those composed of metal/metal constituents and those composed of metal/ceramic constituents. We focus primarily on studies that aim to understand—via experiments, modeling, or both—the biphase interface structure and its role in changing the mechanisms that govern strength and deformability at a fundamental level. We anticipate that, by providing a broad perspective on the latest advances in nanolaminates, this review will aid design of new metallic materials with unprecedented combinations of mechanical and physical properties.
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Transport in Lithium Garnet Oxides as Revealed by Atomistic Simulations
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 305–330More LessLithium garnet oxides are a family of fast-ion conductors with appreciable lithium ionic conductivity in the solid state, making them promising candidates as electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries. In their structures, lithium is partially (along with vacancy) distributed among more than one crystallographically distinct sites, just as with other fast-ion conductors. This disorder has a great influence on lithium's transport properties such as diffusivity and ionic conductivity. We review atomistic simulation studies in conjunction with complementary experimental investigations, which offer atomic-scale visualization of and insight into lithium transport phenomena in lithium garnet oxides.
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Hybrid Improper Ferroelectricity: A Theoretical, Computational, and Synthetic Perspective
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 331–355More LessWe review the theoretical, computational, and synthetic literature on hybrid improper ferroelectricity in layered perovskite oxides. Different ferroelectric mechanisms are described and compared, and their elucidation using theory and first-principles calculations is discussed. We also highlight the connections between crystal chemistry and the physical mechanisms of ferroelectricity. The experimental literature on hybrid improper ferroelectrics is surveyed, with a particular emphasis on cation-ordered double perovskites, Ruddlesden–Popper and Dion–Jacobson phases. We discuss preparative routes for synthesizing hybrid improper ferroelectrics in all three families and the conditions under which different phases can be stabilized. Finally, we survey some synthetic opportunities for expanding the family of hybrid improper ferroelectrics.
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Using Severe Plastic Deformation to Produce Nanostructured Materials with Superior Properties
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 357–382More LessThe past decade was marked by significant advances in the development of severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques to achieve new and superior properties in various materials. This review examines the achievements in these areas of study and explores promising trends in further research and development. SPD processing provides strong grain refinement at the nanoscale and produces very high dislocation and point defect densities as well as unusual phase transformations associated with particle dissolution, precipitation, or amorphization. Such SPD-induced nanostructural features strongly influence deformation and transport mechanisms and can substantially enhance the performance of advanced materials. Exploiting this knowledge, we discuss the concept of nanostructural design of metals and alloys for multifunctional properties such as high strength and electrical conductivity, superplasticity, increased radiation, and corrosion tolerance. Special emphasis is placed on advanced metallic biomaterials that promote innovative applications in medicine.
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Recent Advances in Understanding Diffusion in Multiprincipal Element Systems
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 383–409More LessRecent advances in the field of diffusion in multiprincipal element systems are critically reviewed, with an emphasis on experimental as well as theoretical approaches to determining atomic mobilities (tracer diffusion coefficients) in chemically complex multicomponent systems. The newly elaborated and augmented pseudobinary and pseudoternary methods provide a rigorous framework to access tracer, intrinsic, and interdiffusion coefficients in alloys with an arbitrary number of components. Utilization of the novel tracer-interdiffusion couple method allows for a high-throughput determination of composition-dependent tracer diffusion coefficients. A combination of these approaches provides a unique experimental toolbox to access diffusivities of elements that do not have suitable tracers. The pair-exchange diffusion model, which gives a consistent definition of diffusion matrices without specifying a reference element, is highlighted. Density-functional theory–informed calculations of basic diffusion properties—asrequired for the generation of extensive mobility databases for technological applications—are also discussed.
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Biomineralized Materials for Sustainable and Durable Construction
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 411–439More LessPortland cement concrete, the most used manufactured material in the world, is a significant contributor to anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. While strategies such as point-source CO2 capture, renewable fuels, alternative cements, and supplementary cementitious materials can yield substantial reductions in cement-related CO2 emissions, emerging biocement technologies based on the mechanisms of microbial biomineralization have the potential to radically transform the industry. In this work, we present a review and meta-analysis of the field of biomineralized building materials and their potential to improve the sustainability and durability of civil infrastructure. First, we review the mechanisms of microbial biomineralization, which underpin our discussion of current and emerging biomineralized material technologies and their applications within the construction industry. We conclude by highlighting the technical, economic, and environmental challenges that must be addressed before new, innovative biomineralized material technologies can scale beyond the laboratory.
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Brittle Solids: From Physics and Chemistry to Materials Applications
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 441–471More LessHard solids with predominantly covalent–ionic bonding are finding rapidly increasing usage in many modern technologies. However, this class of solids is severely limited by their intrinsic brittleness—they break easily. It is in this context that a fundamental knowledge of brittle fracture mechanisms is of practical importance. This review covers the essential features of crack behavior in characteristically brittle solids, starting with fundamental physical and chemical models, with distinctions between equilibrium and kinetic states, stability and instability, and crack propagation and initiation. Means of imparting higher strength and toughness to otherwise brittle materials are then explored along with their pros and cons. Select technological areas where fracture properties constitute a vital facet of material function—windows and display panels, structural ceramics, biomaterials, layer structures, manufacturing, and nanomechanics—are then presented as illustrative case studies. The balance between factors such as strength and toughness, scaling and threshold effects, and crack containment and crack avoidance, as well as structure at the atomic and microstructural scales, emerge as critical factors in materials design.
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Small-Scale Mechanical Testing
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 473–523More LessThis article reviews recent developments in small-scale mechanical property testing with some emphasis on intermediate (meso) length scales in complex microstructures and coated systems. The introduction summarizes size effects discovered from a century ago up to the recent explosion in micropillar testing that established many length scale effects in yielding and fracture. The bulk of the article deals with plasticity and fracture in polyphasic and microstructurally graded systems, including biomaterials, composites, and thermal protection systems, highlighting the use of in situ methods where mechanical tests are coupled to synchrotron X-ray scattering, electron backscattering, radiation damage, and digital image correlation.
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Material Flows and Efficiency
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 525–559More LessAttempts to track material flows and the calculation of efficiency for material systems go hand in hand. Questions of where materials come from, where materials go to, and how much material is lost along the way are embedded in human societies. This article reviews material flows, their analysis, and progress toward material efficiency. We focus first on material flow analysis (MFA) and the three key tenets of any MFA: presentation of materials, visualization of the flow structure, and insight derived from analysis. Reviewing recent literature, we explore how each of these concepts is described, organized, and presented in MFA studies. We go on to show the role of MFA in material efficiency calculations and what-if scenario analysis for informed decision-making. We investigate the origins and motivations behind the material efficiency paradigm and the key efficiency strategies and practices developed in recent years and conclude by suggesting priorities for a future research agenda.
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Architectural Glass
Vol. 52 (2022), pp. 561–592More LessRecent decades have seen growing and widespread adoption of glass as an architectural material that can be used not only as window panes but also as facades, walls, and roofs. This is despite glass traditionally being considered a brittle material, not readily capable of handling the high loads required of architectural materials. Architectural glass has enabled the vaulted, transparent structures of many modern airport terminals and eye-catching buildings, such as the ubiquitous all-glass Apple Stores found around the world. Glass has enabled architects to expand their visions of buildings, using light and space to create wonderful new designs. As described in this review, these dramatic new possibilities for how glass is used in architecture have been the result of a convergence of many developments, including a better understanding of the fracture of glass, new processes for strengthening glass, confidence in large-scale finite element modeling of gravitational and wind loads, advances in the lamination of glass sheets, and the availability of ever larger individual sheets of float glass. The concurrent evolution of standards for the use of glass in buildings has also played a role in advancing the use of architectural glass. Advances in the architectural use of glass have their roots in the traditional uses and physical understanding of the properties of glass that have developed over hundreds of years.
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 53 (2023)
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Volume 52 (2022)
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Volume 51 (2021)
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Volume 50 (2020)
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Volume 49 (2019)
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Volume 48 (2018)
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Volume 47 (2017)
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Volume 46 (2016)
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Volume 45 (2015)
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Volume 44 (2014)
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Volume 43 (2013)
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Volume 42 (2012)
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Volume 41 (2011)
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Volume 40 (2010)
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Volume 39 (2009)
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Volume 38 (2008)
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Volume 37 (2007)
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Volume 36 (2006)
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Volume 35 (2005)
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Volume 34 (2004)
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Volume 33 (2003)
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Volume 32 (2002)
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Volume 31 (2001)
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Volume 30 (2000)
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Volume 29 (1999)
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Volume 28 (1998)
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Volume 27 (1997)
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Volume 26 (1996)
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Volume 25 (1995)
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Volume 24 (1994)
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Volume 23 (1993)
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Volume 22 (1992)
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Volume 21 (1991)
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Volume 20 (1990)
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Volume 19 (1989)
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Volume 18 (1988)
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Volume 17 (1987)
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Volume 16 (1986)
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Volume 15 (1985)
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Volume 14 (1984)
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Volume 13 (1983)
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Volume 12 (1982)
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Volume 11 (1981)
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Volume 10 (1980)
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Volume 9 (1979)
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Volume 8 (1978)
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Volume 7 (1977)
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Volume 6 (1976)
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Volume 5 (1975)
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Volume 4 (1974)
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Volume 3 (1973)
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Volume 2 (1972)
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Volume 1 (1971)
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Volume 0 (1932)